автореферат диссертации по филологии, специальность ВАК РФ 10.01.02
диссертация на тему: Georgian-English literary contacts and receptions

Полный текст автореферата диссертации по теме "Georgian-English literary contacts and receptions"

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Marika V. Odzeli

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GEORGIAN-ENG1.ISH LITERARY CONTACTS AMD RECEPTIONS

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West European and American Littérature

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MARIKA V. ODZELI

GEORGIAN-ENGLISH LITERARY CONTACTS AND RECEPTIONS

General Description of the Work.

The Topicality of the Theme. The idea ha« lor>9 «since gained ground in Georgian literary criticism that on the modern level of research 1ocal study of Georgi an 1lterature, as well as of any other 1iierature, is incomplete. Its study should be di rected by tak Ing i nto consideration the world 11terary process. In my view, not a single country's 1lterature could have developed In isolall on from the general conceptual plane of the epoch. More or 1ess direct relatlonshi p and general J aws of development have always existed between different national literatures. Georgian literature Joined world literature at its early stage - in conformity with the historical processes, it first got Into the orbit of Eastern and Byzantine literature, and then into that of the West. Scholarly researctt into Georgian literature in relation to the processes of world literature, carried on from different angles, commenced in the 19th century. Such research developed gradually, considerably slowing down after the sovietization of Georgia. The transfer of attention to the literary contacts of the peoples of the Soviet Union and the setting up of unified principles of Soviet, literary research limited Georgian-foreign 1iterary contact s and their geographical area, determining the main direction of Georgian literary criticism. Soviet literary criticism found itself completely isolated from its world counterpart, getting into an impasse. The only correct way out' of this situation was found in the e»Os. Research into literary contacts start eds

study and systematization of the long history of literary contacts, comparative research» identification and analysis of inner or outer contacts between literatures, working out of theoretical concepts, etc. Study of a national literature in this aspect will fill the gap which existed in the history of Georgian literature and in literary criticism. Literary contacts form a part of the history of literature and, naturally, they must be studied In complex* Observation of Georgian-foreign literary contacts shows clearly that the development of the original literature as well as of literary contacts takes place with equal intensity« On the whole, literary contacts reflect - in the mai n, correctiy - the prevalent 11terary, aesthetic and ideological principles and the general level of the literary process in various periods of Georgian literature. The major trend of modern Georgi an literary research is to conceptualize Georgian literature in relation to the worId 1i terary process, and to study the many-sided Georgian-f oreign literary contacts and

interrelation-ships. As a result, on the hand, t he history

of Georgian literature gains breadth ami depth, and on tin* other, it finds its place in the history of wor1d literature.

The object of my st udy is Gcor gi an-CnglIsh literary contacts and rec«»pti oiis, An attempt i s mmK* to show t h*-1 type of contacts thost* two I 11 era t lit hav»-., and how Georgian

literalute adopted and i nt wi pret t»d its KnglLsh counterpart, and vice ver

The level of t he St udy of th»> Pr obi i?m. Hur t- 'oi less

systernatic Georgian-English literary contacts began from the second half of the 19th century. The study of these contacts and receptions began approxi mat el y at the same tin». This process continues at presents on one hand, Georgi an-English literary contacts are i ntensif yi ng, and on the other, t he study of these contacts and relationships wi thi n these two 11teratures is being placed on a firm scholarly footing.

Georgi an-English literary contacts const!tute a two-way process, involvi ng both Georgi an and English writers, translators and literary critics. They endeavour to widen literary and scholarly contacts, assuming different form of

1iterary ties. As for the scholarly sphere, two trends can

<t

be si ngl ed out here: on the one hand, study of Georgi an 1iterary processes by English scholars and study of English literary monuments by Georgian scholars, and on the other, research into the history of Georgian-English literary relations and the comparative-literary study of Georgian and English literatures.

The area of British Kartvelologists is mainly concerned with the study of the processes in Georgian literature

while Georgian scholars in addition to studying various aspects of the history of English literature also do research on the Georgi an-English 1iterary contact s, consldering both literatures from the point of view of comparative literary st udy.

T have tried to complete the history of Georgian-English literary contacton the basis of the material already studied.

and by bringing to light new facts and phenomena and analyzing these contacts in a novel way.

The purpose of the Work. Of the contacts of Georgian literature with the literatures of West European countries the histories of Georgian-German and Georgian-French literary relations have been studied more or less comprehensively. Also nure or less completely have been studied some aspects of Georgian-English literary contacts. I set myself the .task of identifying and classifying the main trends of the history of Georgian-English literary contacts and of creating a generalized picture of a comprehensive history on this basis.

The Scholar1y Novelty of the Work. I have made use of relatively unknown and unexplored 1i terature obtained in foreign scholarly circles, materials found in Moscow and Oxford libraries» unpublished manuscripts preserved in

Scholarly-Research laborator y of Georgian-Forei gn Li terary Contacts at Tbilisi University, and in my own private archives, the extracts from correspondence with British scholars. Besides, the available »-««iarih finding«; are brought together, studied and taken into consideration. On this basis, a systematized, documentary history, lefiecting Georgian-Fngl i sh 1 i terary contact s, is pr osont

The Theoretical and H»t hodol ogi ca I Basis of the* Work. The work is based on the» latest tlioo/ptiral athipvtwnts of 11 terary criticism, his tor teal -oompai at i v«.> st udy of th*» f acts and phenomena of lit er-ir y cunt acts. Us»? has bi^on nwde of tlw terminology accepted in KurnpuAn and Georgian literary

research.

The Prac11cal Value of the Work. The mater1al revealed i n the work 1 s used by the aut hor i n speci al courses on Georglan-foreign 11ierary contacts. The f1ndlngs may as wel1 be used in lecture courses on the history of Georgian and English 11teratures. It may also serve as the basis of further research on Georgi ar»-Engl ish literary cont act s.

The Approbation of the Work. S^parat & parts of t he work have been discussed «at the sessions and seminars of the Sic hoi arl y-Research Labor at or у of Georgi an-Foreign Li terar у Contacts, at Republican scholarlу conferences, at Internat ional Symposi a in Great Br i tain С Canterbury, Li v«?r pool, London) . Let ter s on t he work have been publ I shed i n the Proceedings of Tbilisi University, in Scholarly Journals in Jena С Germany) and Odense С Denmark), two monographs С i n (ieorgian, wi t h Russian and Engl ish Summaries) and one booklet in Engl i sh have been published as well.

The Structure of the Work. The work consists of an i nt r oduct i an, t hree chapters, ei qht subchapters and an afterword; a hi bliography i s appended.

The Contents of fhe Work

The Introduction argues the necessity of studying literary contacts. In Geo i gia research of thi s typ«=* started in t he s«?cond half of the nineteenth century and has traversed a long path of development attaining a new stage in the 1 oiios. Го denote t hi s sphere of research new i erms have appeared: r nmjmrat i vi sm, J i t erar у rnmparat. i visti<:s, compar at 1 vo

literary research, comparative approach, comparative study, comparative method, literary relations, literary relation and interaction, typology, mutual literary enrichment, literary ties, study of literary contacts, literary links and contacts, literary contacts and interrelationships. The latter term has been proposed by me. Though it lacks the desirable laconism, it gives an exclusive reflection of the field of literary research, that studies not only outer literary contacts of various national literatures, but inner interrelationships as wel 1. The above named terms denote on*Ly particular, narrow fields.

In comparing the Georgian and English literatures upto the middle of the 19th century we may observe si mi 1ar phenomena in the 1iterary processes of these two countries G Christian mentality. Renaissance thought, peculiarities of romanticism, realistic vision, etc.Facts of separate spontaneous literary contacts are also si gnif leant. Si nee the second hal f of the past century these relations have been expanding, which was first revealed in the translation of Georgian literary monuments i nt o Fngi ish and acadomic s t udy uf Georgian 1i terature by Engli sh scholars. In Georgia translat ion and study of English fiction, and comparative analysis of Georgian and English literatures began from this period. In the course of time Georgian*l!ngl i sh I iterary t ii?s became more versati1e and came to cover di f f er ent ]arqor spheres of literary contacts and interrolat inn-»hip*. Thus, from the middle of the 19th centui y Georgiar>-Kngl ish literary contacts

and their stu<1y rose to a new stage, acquiring a more or 1 ess systematic character.

Chapter One - Hi stor i co-Phi 1 ol ogi cal Prerequi si tes of the Development of Georgian-English Literary Contacts.

Consideration of t h<> hi stori co-phi 1 ologi cal pi ane on which i hi s or that literature developed seems to me the necessary condition for the study of interliterary contacts. Hence, in t he first chapter I tr i ed I o revi ew bri ef1y the ori gins of Geor gi an-Engl ish r«l at i ros . f he establishment of cultural ti es between different, peoples often starts by ov*»r powering language barri ers. In consegence oi t his lexi cographic. Interest rises at the first stage of cul t. tir a I -schol arly contacts. T hat is why I f octised on ^nal y3:ing Geor gi an-Engl ish an«l Engl 1 sh-Gecrqi an dictionaries preser ved in t he Bodl eian Library of Oxf ord University from the earliest timc?s. In addition, the devel opment of 1 i ter ary thought has b*»en t raced in Georgl a and in England before the inception of Georgian-Fnglish li t er ary contacts basi s on whi ch t hose contacts arosu.

Fi rs t subt i 11 e - At t he Sources of Georgian-Engl i sh Cultural Relations. Direct literary relations of these two countries wfe preceded by fragmentary informal ion gradual,1y appearing in Georgian and English literary monuments* in the former, about Britain and its culture, and in the latter, about Iberia and Colchis.

The first writ! en documents in G^.ugia about England and the F.'ng 1 i sh people and i n Engl and about tlie Goer gi ans date bark to 1 he Hi'idle Ag.-v,.

Korneli Kekelidze notes thai the ancestors of the English nation - the Colts, the Iberes, the Britons and the Island of Great Britain inhabited by these tribes are mentioned in the lOth-cent. Georgian written sources.

As for the first information about Georgia in English sources the works of English chronicles - Bartholomew the English, Roger Bacon and Matthew the Parisian provide scanty but Important evidence, pointig out the geographical location of Georgia and the Christianity of the Georgians. The Iberians and the Laz are mentioned among the great and powerful Christian peoples of the East. At the beginning of the 14th century the Catholic Bishop of Siibastopolis Can historical name of modern Sukhumi - M.O.J sends a letter to the Archbishop of Canterbury and to other bishops ot England, describing the religious, political and social state of West Georgia of his day.

Special attention is given in the study to the names of Georgia and Georgians in English sources and to the terminology denoting Great Britain and the British people in Georgian materials.

Lexicographic contacts form ari aspect of cultural contacts between the two peoples. Hence their study should become not only the concern of linguistics hut of the history of culture, viz, of philology, in the bi oad sense of the discipline. This is discussed in 11»? second subtitle ot thf study! Georgian-English Lexicographic Contacts.ihe attempts of English philologists to study the Georgian languayp ai t> const iler ed to

be direct evidence of Georgian-English cult ural relati ons. Reference is made to Georgian-English and English-Georgian 1i ngulstlc and t hemati c dietionari es and glossari es C both printed and in manuscriptJ. A scrutiny of this material has shown that the Engl ish authors did Justi ce not onl y to the Georgian language, but to its dialects as wel1» They compiled comparative dictlonaries of Kartvel1 an and Caucasian 1anguages - some intended for 11nguists, others to assisst translators, and so on. The ear1lest dictionary of Kartvel1 an languages kept 1 n the Podl ei an library was compi led in the 1780s. In Georgi a work of this type chronological1y commenced much later.

In the thi rd subti tJ e - The Process of Development ofv Literary Thought in Georgia and in England, the road traversed by Geer gian and Engl ish 11 ter at tires from t tie begi nni ng to the mld-19th century, i.e. to the period when Georgian-English literary contacts became more clearly defined is briefly described.

In vari ous peri ods of Georgian history, diff erent cult ural-pol i 11 cal ori entati ons contribut ed to some extent to the variety of cultural-historical relations. Georgian philosophical, social and literary thought developed and underwent refinement in the context of Eastern and Western cu] tural-1iterary trends of thought. Owing to the political catastrophe of Georgi a in 13th cent ury, i ts d^vel opment along these lines ceased, while Western literature continued to develop, arriving at Renaissance thinking.

Like Georgian literature? English literature also traversed

a 1 ong path of devel opment. 11 t ook shape and devel oped i n contact wi th Greco-Roman, Norman, Danish and French cul tures and literatures. While English Renaissance literary thought was superseded by various literary trends of the following periods, Georgian literature was in a grave crisis. From the second half of the 1?th-century national literary trends began t o strengthen in Georgia and new roads were sought to Western literature. The revi vi ng G&orgi^n literature again followed European 1 i terary thought. From the second hal 1 of the 19th century Georgian-European, par t icular1y Georgian-Engli sh, liter ary contacts and receptions acqui red more systematic character.

Second Chapter - Towards the History of Georgian-English Li terary Contact s and their Study. This part of t he paper gives a reference survey of the general picture of th** Georgian-English literary and scholarly contacts. Separately are si ngled out and discussed in dotal 1 t he s tages of development and main problems of Engltsh Rustvolulogy and Georgian Shaken pt?arean studies - as the best examplos of reception in the hi story of Georgi an-Engli sh lit erary relations.

First subtitle - Georgian-English Literary and scholarly con t ac t s - compr .ist-s th«» mater ial accord! ng 11> whl ch a suggestion may bo made that from the Middle Ages Georgian and Engl i sh 1 i ter at ures were i. ndi reef 1 y rol a ted to each other - as other liteiMtures took part In contacting them. Direct Georgian-English literary relations were at first reflerteii in the literature nr> travel and d eat t?d one

serious current in these contacts. Georgian-English literary relations were in a rudimentary stage for several centuries and developed spontaneously. It was qui te natural as these relations weren't conditioned by any objective reasons - as for geographical situation Georgia and Great Britain are rather far from each other, consequent I y no pol 1ti cal or economical contacts existed, i.e. there di dn't exist the fact or s t hat woul d accel er ate the dev«s»l opment of cultural relations and the cul tural contact s started af t er t he change of the political course. Since the 19th century Georgian literature directly joined the Diropean literary process. The formation of Kartvelology CGeorgi an StudiesD, as a scholarly discipli ne, in Engl and dates back: to 3 8'iOs. I considered 11 advisable to prosent th*» process of reception of Georgian li t erat ure in Britain in the st yl e of encyclopaedic out1i ne, preserving the chronologi ."il order of the academic activities of Engli sh scholars and transj a*nrs C 5. Maian. W. Morfi11, 0. War drop, M. War drop, F. Conybeare, J. Beddeley, W. All en, D. Lang, R. Stevenson, K. Vivian, D. Rayfield, D. Barret to. Such kind of representation g^vr» me an opportunity to show t. hi* directions of th»=» development of Kartvelian studies i n Engl and and at t he sajf*? t. i me to f ocus on t he contr I but ions of persons. The literary works of some ot them was evaluated by Genrqi ati literary criticism- Basing on them an at.t. empt i s made i n the pr e«:ent paper t o add a new facts to this survay C unpubl i sh*»d memo! rs of Hi no War drop M< rrjor y and Ol i vt?r ; Ka* bar i in* Vi vj an* s unpubl i sh«>d essays, ext r act s from private

letters, etc*).

Rather Interesting and versatile material is accumulated by English Philology in Georgia - the English literary works have been translated since the second half of the 10th century, the study of English literature is under way, a deep study is made of the Georgian themes °in English literature, and of Georgian-English cultural contacts, a survey is made of the Georgian translations of English literature, a comparative study of Georgian and English romanticism is carried out, the process of perception of definite English writers and literary trends by Georgian literature is being revealed. The present paper gives short general informations about the reception of English literature in Georgia according to the chronology of stages of development of English literature. It is mentioned that in the history of Georgian-English 11terary contacts the establishment of personal relationships and the organizing of collective activities, viz. scholarly symposia, conferences, Jubilee sessions, etc. as wel1 is of a great importance.

Second subtitle - Shota Rustaveli in English Literature. English Rustvelology is fairly versatile - four English translations of Vepkhistc^aosani CThe hart in the Panther* s Skin}, thoughts of English researchers and creati ve comprehension of the» poem* s theme - such is the reception of t he niedieval Geor gi an t?pi c by Engl ish literature.

The English translation of 7 ho Han in the Panther's Shin made by Marjory Scott Wardrop came out in London in 1912. Half

a century later - in 1Q68 - Venera Urushadze translated the

poem into English CThe Kni ght in the Panther* s Skin} and

dedicated it to the memory of Marjory Wardrop. In 3©77 two new

English translations were published by Katharine Vivian CTh&

Knight in Panther ShirO and by Robert Stevenson (Th& Lord of

the Panther-Skin.}. These translations are done in distinctive,

individual styles. Each translator pursued a definite aim when

embarking on the work. Marjory Wardrop gave priori ty to the

f a i t hf ul r ender i ng of the content of the t ext, whi 1 o Verier a

Urushadze focused attention on the jnelodiousness and poetic

refinment of the poem. Katharine Vivian wished to retell the

text so as to make It easily accessible to the modern reader. r

Robert Stevenson endeavoured to bring the world of Rustaveil close to the contemporary aesthetic demands, while rendering the content accurately. Thus, each translation is charged with a definite function. In my view. Judged by the positions taken by the cited translators, they succeeded in producing high-quality translations. The merits of the English translations of the poem are partly shown in their introductions or prefaces acquaintlng reader with the epoch of Rustaveil. The English translations of the romance of chivalry not only familiarized the English-speaking world with the medieval Georgian epic, but also played the role of a link in the translations of the poem into Chinese, Italian and Finnish.

While discussing The Man in the Panther's SMm, English researchers of Georgi an literature consider the poem mai nly from the point.'of view of comparative literary criticism. Their

studies deal wi th the biographical data of the author, the basic Motifs of the poem, its origin, characters; parallels are drawn with medieval Western and Eastern literatures; the poem treated in the context of world literature»

While working on the above-mentioned question the book Rustav&li in the World Liteiatur& (editor L. Menabde) published by TSU Rustaveil Seminar was of a great help. The book comprises the Georgian translations of Rustvelological papers published by foreign researchers in 1850s-J 970s C each part bei ng appended by preface, bibliography and comments) ; An attempt is made to br ing the 1 atest materi als of foreign Rustvelotogy in the area of scholarly research» Namely, the history of Finnish translation of the poem has been studied, as it is t he result of many-si ded literary contacts and is transi a ted not from the ori gi nal but from the English translation; unpubli shed article of Davi d Darrett Vepkhistqaosani: trying to make senst^ of the- Prologue and Kat hari ne Vivian's pub] 1 shed monogr aph / ic 7 races in Georgf i an L i t «?ra t ure which hasn't entered the Geoi gian st-holarly circles yet have beer» studi ed as wr»j ] ; use has beon made of Kat harine Vi vi a n * s hit her t o u> >puhl i shed articles about the pue m and its translati on. Î he pivsvnt papej c 1 as si 1 i es t tie rr eat i vi? peculiarities of per i:»-»f » t i on of J7**- in the Fun Du-z 1 ^ Skin by

Engl i sit Literature according to the problems discussed in th<?m. The results of my study he J m »mil at»«d as ful)owsj

The essays on Rus t ^ v»-> 1 i and his poem, wi il tni by <U f 1 ej out Piitish authojs at various ti»>es, point to the i;oi iv, i fier at i on

of their contemporary Rustvelological literature. Some

shortcomings or errors of English studies largely stem from the

ideas prevalent at the time in Rustvelological circles. British

researchers may be said to have been innovators regarding the

appraisal of the poem in rel ation to the world 1 iterary

process. Motwithstandi ng some early i ndividual attempts, they

placed the study of the proMem on a f i r mer scholarly footi nq

CO. Wardrop, M. Dowra, D. Lang, K. Vivian, R. Stevenson, P. Dronke},

being the modern level of Kartvelian studies. An attempt is

made in modern English Rustvelological t bought to 1nterpret the

poem in linkage with modern literary taste. This attitude found

expression in translation as wel 1. t

The interpretation of Ve-phhis t qctosani by English scholars is a new word, mapping out new problems of research and giving a def ini te di rectionality to modern Rustvelology.

Third subtitle - William Shakespeare in Georgian Literature. The adoption of Shakespeare's literary heritage in Georgi a t ook di f f erent i or ms and i t has a long history. Shakespeare's plays are being translated into Georgian and staged; the world of Shakespeare is interpreted specifically in Georgian painting and literature, attension is paid to the philological st.i/dy of his plays and sonnets; Georgian translations of Shakespeare are reviewed critically; scholarly st udy is of Shakespearean dra mas reflected in different

fields of Oorqi an cul t vir^», new and ol d Georgian transl at i ons of Shakespeare's s^pai atf plays and collected works puh 11 shed regularly; the bibliography of Georgian

Shakespeareana i s bei ng supplemented.

The main directions of familarization with Shakespeare's iife and works in Georgian literature may be formulated as follows: in the history of Georgian translation art Shakespeare* s genius began to acquire life in the 11340s. Despite some primitlvenes of the first translations, they assumed a great historical function. In the middle period of translat ion of Shakespeare* s works Ivane Machabell made an invaluable contribution to the translation of his tragedies. Two coinplete col 1 ections of Shakespeare's sonnets - trans 1 ated i nt o Georgi an by translators of di ff erent styles have been pubIi shed. The publi cati on is under way of a complete col lection of the poet' s works in fi ve vol times, trans lated from the original C edi tor W. Kiasashvi 1 i 3 , showing t he pecul i ar ities and general level of the 1 Oth-ROLh-cerit. translations.

First humble a t tempts to study Shakes pear c»' s 1 i f e and activity, as wel 1 as to trans late his literary 1 egacy commenced in the middle ol tht» 1 1» centui y, Though the hi ogi aphical data on Shakespeare, publi shod in t be (vorgian pr oss of the past century, lacked scholarly accuracy, they contained novel and interest ing information. Clarif ic;jt ion of t ho writ e»r * s blogr aphy-wrapped in mystery - was «.«ml i iui»*d from t he 195'Os, tui ning into a nut jot research problem ol Cvm ginn Shakespearean st u«1i ('•>.

Critical study of S'luki'speare'^ plays «>Jsi> .start t-d J.n the past century. Cwniiaii st liulai study the ohararfe/ of Shakespeare's personages, their speech, y.oparatc mot it's-'of this

or thai play, or of the entire work, viewed from different angles* - historical, literary criticism, stylistic, 1inguistic, comparative literary cri tici sm, or general cul tarai research is done on the relation of Shakespeare's work with the Georgian world; Shakespeare's heritage is treated in the light of worl d classical 1 itérât tire; problem of the Interaction of the tradi tlonal and i nnovative i n Shakespeare* s work Is investigated; the attitude of irodern Anglo—American literature to Shakespeare* s work is overlooked; monographic study of Shakespeare* s life and acti vi ty is under way»

Shakespearean studi es are one of the most i mportant fields of foreign literary research. Shakespeare* S literary works appear in a deep range of scholarly research with their many-f old problems, being studi ed i n detai1 from rather unimportant upto global questions. An attempt is made in the paper to search the way the Georgian 1i teratur e accepted Shakespeare* s geni us and to find out what ki nd of quest ions were most interesting for Georgian researchers. The history of transiati on of Shakespeare* s works i nto Georglan has been di vided convent!onally i nto periods the types of transiati ons and chronology being taken into consideration and, thus, presenting the long process of translation in such a way. The t heori es and researches of Georgi an scholars f rom the second balf of the 19t h cent, up to t he present day have been st udi ed as wt»] 1, and the main direct! ons of Shakespearean st udi es have beei i r ev«-»al ed. Wi th t he same principles has been studied Gfwr i? i Shchosp^cir&cria. tin five volumes; compiled and edited

by Mlco Klasashvl 1 ID in which the modern level of study is reflected. Such attitude towards the Georgian Shakespearean studies gave me opportuni t y to make some def i ni te general1zed conclusions. First of all,it should be noted that Shakespearean Studies in Georgia entered a new stage from 1950s - gained a firm footing and formed as an independent scholarly discipline. Modern Georgian scholars are well acquainted with the world Shakespearean literature, taking it into consideration in the course of original research. Georgian Sliakespearean students are also familiar with the ideas of the so-ealled "anti-Shakespeareanlsts", engaging- in scholarly polemics with their views. Baslcal 1 y, Georgian scholars share the traditional di vision of Shakespeare* s li terary work i nto three peri ods. They never study the poet's work or any particular stage of it in isolation but mostly in relation to the epoch, Renaissance culture, literary and theatrical traditions and, in some me>asur& to the poet * s pri vate life* In terms of depth, modern Georgian Shakespearean research meets the standards of Modern world scholarshlp, ensuri ng for i tself a place in world Shakespearean studies.

Third Chapter - Literary Aspects of the Perception of English Literature» The 10th-century Georgian literature is characterized by artistic adopt i on of the European 1i ter ary process, European literary thought and, generally, coming closer to the European culture. Two main trends can be singled out In Georgian, as well as in English literature of the p^st century - romanticism and realism. In the study an attempt has

been made to research the character of t he recept ion of the 19th-century English real istic 11terature in Georgia, At the same time the use of the most typical stylistic component of realistic literature, i.e. the comic narration has been specially distinguished and discussed in Georgian and English 11teratures.

Subtitle one - The Reception of 19th-century English Realism as a Literary Trend in Georgia - shows how Georgian 1i terature recei ved English realistic 111 erature and how it was i nter-preted by Georgi an literary research. A defi ni te contributi on to the process of percepti on of 1Oth-century English reallstic literature was made by a few Georgian

translations. The translation of Charles Dickens' works

t

commenced in the 1060s and has cont J nued to present, time* seven short stories and three novels have been translated and publi shed. The Pos thum&xis Papers of the Pich\i>ich CI vb and Nicholas Nich.1 eby were tr anslatr?d from the original, the ot her works from Russi an trans 1 ations. TheIr sources have been identified through comparing the Georgian texts with numerous Russian translations in the present study. Dickens' literary versatility is not reflected in the Georgian translations because of t hei r sma11 number. As for Wi 11 i am Thacker ay, the foreword of his novel Th& History of Pend.p-rxrxis and the peak of his literary work, /ant ty rair, n> * translated into Georgian. Before creating the latter novel, Thackeray traversed a long literary road, revealing the author's consistent growth in stature. After this novel hi s literary ski 11 gradually declined. Neither Thackeray's evolution nor the decline of his

mastership found reflection in the translated literature. Of Charlotte Bronte's works only her most celebrated novel Jans Eyre has been translated Into Georgian. Thus, she caio* into Georgian literature "solitarily", as it «ere. The works of Elizabeth Gaskell and George Eliot have not been translated 1nto Georgian.

For about a century and a half Georgian literary criticism has been seeking to fill the gap in translational literature and to shed light from different angles on the peculiarities of above mentioned trend of the 19th-cont. English fiction. It should also be noted that the study of English literature, nan*>ly, the works of English realists took an Independent ling, Nlko Ntkoladze*s correct literary position playing an important role in this. The present work highlights the r.wvin directions of Georgian literary criticism in connection with perception of English realistic literature of the last century and discusses the unpublished manuscript of Charles Dickens* great-grandson David Dickens: Ch.arl&s Oich&ns and The Dickens Family, written by him in 1993 at the present writer's request.

Second subtitle - Towards the Problem of Comic Narration in 19th-century Georgian and English Realistic Fictions.

Each literature is characterised by common and sped fic foatures, Tills law extends to all literary trends, genres and 1 i terary techniques. The same is t rue of comic narratl on as well, To create a cowic e.f f ect. a wri ter of any natlonali t y makes use of the common tradi tional devi ces character!stic of ail 1 iteratures, at- the samo time adding something new,

speci/lc, national. Hence, meet! ng points and parallels can he found in the comlc. literatures of all countries, the more so, in works of the writers of the same literary school.

In Georgian literature comic tendencies appeared in the early period, especially pronounced from the so-called period of revival, while from the 19th century the forms of manifestation of comic narration grew versatile, becoming its stylistic component.

English literature has a ri ch t radi tion of comlc

narration. Along with Chaucer, Shakespeare, Fielding, Smollett,

Sheridan, Sterne that of Di ckens and Thackeray forms a

brilliant stage of development of the comic narr ation not only r

in Engl1sh but in world literature as well.

J Qth-century real1stic literature is characterized by a broad use of f orms of coml c narrati on. The present paper discusses examples of comic narr ati on in Georgi an and Engli sh fictions of this period; an attempt is made to show their similarities and differences. The use of comic narration as a stylistic device in the literature of realism was indicated in Georgi an comparative li terary research at the end of the past century.

A comparative attitude towards the studied problem showed us that Georgian and English writers make use of comic narration mainly to bring to light the vices and shadowy sides of their contemporary life, thereby ridiculing the flaws of soclet y, be they social, pol i t i cal, or national. Obviously, there are many similarities in the means of expression,

resorted to by Georgian and English writers to create satire, humour* irony» grotesque, or sarcasm. To attain a comic effect they make use of the principle of incongrul ty of the content and the form of its expression. Numerous examples of situatlonal humour may be found in their works. Even Georgian and English characters, finding themselves in similar social settings, come to resemble each other. Naturally many of them are marked by utter individuality as well. A pronounced difference is found in such examples of comic narration which are rendered by linguistic means Cpeculiar syntactic word order, dialect. Jargon, distorted or mixed speech...). The language characteristic of Charles Dickens, William Thackeray, Ilia Chavchavadze, Akaki Tsereteli, Giorgi Eristavi, and David Kldiashvili imparts an inimitable colour to their works, pJ aylng a major rol e in the creation oi a comic effect. Dif ference is also observable where Georgian and English writers describe a highly characteristic national situation. I hese si mi 1 ari Lit?:* and di f f erences denmnstr ate once more that national literatures do not exist locally, their unity creating world liter ature.

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