автореферат диссертации по филологии, специальность ВАК РФ 10.01.03
диссертация на тему: Развитие арабской поэтической школы в Израиле, 1950-1980 гг.

Текст диссертации на тему "Развитие арабской поэтической школы в Израиле, 1950-1980 гг."

9 J /

,S j

- -V / О-' / ^ {1 О

САНКТ-ПЕТЕРБУРГСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ

На правах рукописи

Кассем Набих

развитие арабской поэтической школы

в израиле (1950-1980-е гг.)

Специальность 10.01.03 - литература народов стран зарубежья (литературы стран Азии и Африки)

ДИССЕРТАЦИЯ

на соискание ученой степени кандидата филологических наук

Научный руководитель -доктор филологических наук, профессор О.Б. Фролова

Санкт-Петербург 2001

brijJ) o>i/V.

jSLlu

3JjxtiAfljjjJI jlluil ^Jl jJlASJlJI^ J^udl

li^JIji QimJjb UUjI

» «« * f. *** ^->-4 <7n1lj t^^jUl^ dlj^l^ <<UAbdl SIAA (^i^J 5Jjuxia Ciail

p

jVJVIJ

O-iJl <JACj

i ABSTRACT

i .Wail

*» ** *

^liill л^^лЛ uiaj^ <£illlj Aj^l 1-1 ill AjIojj <<UjjaJI jJilj

<ol*> i mil j^J^jl (JjjIj-jujI (J-S J 1 II

YA .«UojUl ilaiUJ.! ^ji <jilS!iJI jjJJ

о V .^jVI ^Цу I <> OSjilj " a^^JI"

Л0 .LiLaill ^ ^kSfl O^-uaJlj " "

W .JaSl^-Uil^i Jl <JJ1 mil &j^JI

AV .J^l^l ^ ^^aJI j^-^JI

* J»

\ \ .5ja-ua5JI Ml J f-Llj (^jVl j-A-JulJI

•м

y n 1 sjlj-uaill

Y N A .^L—Vlj JUiVI (xla^Luul

* ^ . . *

SjajuaSJI uaa j^LUI

YV* ,ьл\ (jjn 'Лл ^ (jliJI

YVY .<крД1 O'mUH J^U. ^a ollll ^ <1

YY"\ 5j-ilil

Y i • .оГитл^Н JJU^nb.nUII j*Jui\ ^-cbU Y1V

YoY jj-J'

Yo4 .^Ij^lj ^jVIJ LAjjIAJI j^JI

YVY .<Lij» nill SJ^jlisJ!

VAY .^IjjJIiLjU.

VAA .JLuljjJI jjLu^

ABSTRACT

This dissertation deals with the subject of development of Palestinian poetry in Israel from the beginning of the establishment of the State of Israel till the late eighties. The work has not been easy for me since I had to check and go over hundreds of poems written by tens of poets. These poems were published in several magazines and newspapers that have been published throughout the last thirty years. One of the problems that I faced was that there were no collections of poetry published in book form that can be consulted. Poets in the early years were not able to publish their books because of political and financial reasons. Besides, the books that were published were not complete since many poets chose not to include all their poems in their collections. Therefore, the magazines and newspapers were the most reliable source. They described the development of the cultural movement in general and poetry in particular.

The study consists of an introduction, four chapters, and a conclusion. In Chapter One, I describe the conditions of the Arab people inside Israel after 1948. To make the image clear, I summarize the conditions in the years that precede 1948. That period was characterized by a hidden conflict for land-possession. As a result, the authorities of the new State of Israel followed a policy of confiscation and expropriation of the land of the Palestinian Arabs, who stayed and became Israeli citizens. The Arabs, who turned to be a minority, started their awakening, which took the form of sticking to the land, language, and pursuit after their classical culture. The Arabs felt that they were cut from their Arab roots and their nation in the neighbouring Arab countries. I also point out the motives and aspirations that pushed some Arab intellectuals, particularly the communist ones, to publish a cultural

magazine called al-Jadid. They hoped that this magazine will attempt, together with al-Ittihad newspaper, to awaken the Arab people in Israel and direct their thoughts and approaches. Besides, they hoped to strengthen the communist party and broaden its public base by implanting new thoughts in the new young generation. The magazine and the newspaper writers did their best to introduce committed literature to their readers and chose texts that aim at enlightening the people's mind and making them more aware of their national rights and their connection to the world in general. The texts were taken from Arabic or Hebrew or world literature, particularly the socialist countries then.

In addition, new cultural forums and magazines appeared in the country and tried to fill the gaps in the cultural arena. One of the magazines was called al-Mujatmci'. This magazine represented the opposite voice to the al-Jadid magazine, which represented the communist orientation, and al-Fajr magazine, which represented the Arab national movement.

Later in the Chapter, I discuss the roots of the movement of Arabic poetry in Israel and the various views concerning this movement. I argue that it was a little bit different from the movement of Palestinian poetry pre-1948, though it was in harmony with the general movement of Arabic poetry in the Arab world. I also show that interest in the Palestinian poetry in the early fifties was slight. However, in the early sixties, interest started to grow and we notice that new kinds of poetry written by poets, who became famous, started to appear in the local newspapers. Comments and critical articles discussing poetry also appeared in the abovementioned magazines. It is noticed that there was some contrast between the communist socialist international thoughts that were preached by the communist party in Israel and the idea of Arab-Jewish brotherhood and the pre-1948 national Palestinian poetry

represented by Wadi' al-Bustani, Ibrahim Touqan, 'Abd al-Rahim Mahmoud, Mutlaq 'Abd al-Khaliq, and Abu Salma. The poetry of these poets stemmed from the national patriotic Arab attitude.

I also discuss the trends of the local movement of Arabic poetry and the themes that characterized them in the first years. These can be summarized in six trends: the subjective, the realistic, the social, the patriotic, the national, the international, and the human.

In Chapter Two, I deal with the first signs of change that appeared in the Arabic poem (Qasida) in both form and structure. The change can be attributed to the increase in the number of educated people who gained knowledge and education through their study at high schools. The arrival of some collections of poetry from the Arab world; the increase in political, social and cultural consciousness among the Arabs in Israel influenced their interaction with the Arab world. Moreover, the annual poetry festivals in the Arab villages and cities had a great effect on the people's interaction with the poets, who gained experience in developing their artistic devices and techniques. As a result, the "poem of forums" became quite popular. However, despite these developed beginnings, the traditional forms remained the dominating trend in the local poetry, which was influenced by the new forms of stanza poetry that was developed by al-Mahjar poets, and by the poetry of Badr Shaker al-Sayyab. It seems that many poets preferred the rhythmic forms that repeat the same foot to the traditional meters.

I also discuss in this chapter the cultural responsibility that was adopted by the leftist poets and intellectuals, especially those who were close to the communist party, such as Emile Habibi, Emile Touma, Saliba Khamis, Issa Lubani, Issam 'Abbasi, Hanna Abu Hanna, Mahmoud Darwish and Samih al-Qassem.

з

In Chapter Three, I deal with the artistic development of the Arabic poem, the extent of that development, and the most important changes that took place in the local Arabic poetry.

In Chapter Four, I follow the artistic development in the content of the Arabic poem. My purpose is to complete the description of the development of the local Arabic poem in both form and content. I also point out the most important artistic developments that occurred to the content of the poem such as: Self-Expression through describing the surrounding nature, the use of symbolism and its contribution to the development of poetry, and the structure of the poetic image in all its forms. I always support my argument with quotations from different sources. In the conclusion, I show how I emphasize the similarities and differences between the poetic movement inside Israel and the poetic movement in the Arab world in general. I also show the distinguishing aspects of the Palestinian poetry, but missing in the general Arabic poetry. One of the prominent aspects is the regaining of the poet to his centrality and role as a leader. Again, he is the spokesman of his people and the designer of their future. I also point out the significance of place/land in the Palestinian poetry and its importance for the Palestinian people inside Israel. Besides, I show the special importance of language as an essential factor in the re-awakening of the Arab individual and the rebirth of his national identity. I close by referring to the constant optimistic attitude that has always been a distinguishing aspect of the Palestinian poetry, despite all the disasters, injustice, persecution, and exile that the Palestinians have been exposed to.

?!ulilb Cil>uaJI ола IjUj ^nbmlill ^jaJI1Ж

pj ^il J u^j < CaJ'J-uJI oj^a ^

jjl ^j-aj < ojj-^ajl j *j1 ^yi ^yjj-sj! 1_jjvi ^^jjkjj-o (j-q 1 fl 1 л)1

< ^jj-sJI (jiUAJI <> c^j .А r. pj^. ^nU ml «II ^IjjVI ^llill

Jx5 ^j-xJI Uj -all ^yi <jnU mUll <jjj_jJ1 LaLUll j^-oj o-ax-jjl Ij^Jj

( cjjj-^JI j ^k jIa ^j plkxJl 11д j . 4 j*nu miU.11 A ' .a all jj^ja

OjUil J-alJl ^ JJ! ^jJ ^JUJl ^jj ^ ^ bllei

^bj-jh J-e-a.^ 4 Ij 9 h~\ II Sj-A-uiJ <_l" ^ ^ ,> J Ml! , MI*<JI I_abl_<julj.

^fl j^ilil j ■* rtJI tjja 4-cj л-ч л jj| jj ^luoji ^) j . \ v 6-° ^ jVjbl—ш Loj . 4 (jjj

Ы5"

Qл ■ '■'■'j о j jj ^ J jл ^л j * jijJb 'J-^?* f^'^l

J^JJ Louo ( ^IjjVlj <ilioJI CiVUk-o л ( о J ^-A^JlC J ^-LolSJl

>aJ1 <iUiJI <> l^jJL V Ujj. 4/nU m.Ull iilllll ^ d a

. jJI

jlo (^'nu mi.UII ^j_sj| ^..uijj jjul j^ilslll «la.jl\ jsll. j 9 ,?JI (jlj

lAfJ) 1 mi о ^-Д—JuJI lj-4 ^jlLxjl J_dl SLa. (jj-UI 4->I.Aj

CjVVJ jl <jjlj oWj (jlfLoU Lo < <^15111 ...11 Сл^Ы

^c. ill mi л j . <1 .<].) iii о j <t \ \ jlj cjwj.» (jl^-tl jj <» " i лз-йз

Cil-^jJ ^5-^aJSl Л J^-x-a^l Jf^" ^ &JJ7> ^Ы' J^i "

^J) () 4fl ^j-o LJLUJLO L-1-C.J (j^jiu (£dJI ^-olj-uaJI jj4_jjj|

^ibjji dsliji jji ja. ^^jlc. 6j_ujli miji jv-..ul> (j^alaj ^ylll jl 4-uajllll

<U-ual^Lo CiLSlLx < ч ш «L^^a. J'n'n < <1 vnti m.U II j» miJI d^j ^ 11

V * d!

1_ClA J 1 (j " ^ ^ III ^ylJI \ 11 1 Lo_Q La JJ) t-n J LiJ^a. ^J <LoJlA J, Л J IIU

(jl J^j CjlilaJI <_J>Sl LjjJJC. I. L$_A1J (^jlll ^^ JJ! Q* (jl—^ —uj-*JI o>-5JI Слл-ij'VIj jJI tillли ^ nU MIUII . &..W 4 j i i.i Liu 4 \ <Л 3 1 (j $ ^Jl <Jl nil! J^j-a. j j -y л" >

л -s jJI JjX-j ^jlSjia ^jI JjLl^xS JbLa. аЛл-'ij Jlo «LaILj^JI JiJj (j-o <jlxh щ\ JJ im'KI <L> мЛ

JJO '^ill <L£JJ=JI CjVjL^-0 J-jJa JLAjJIj < ^LLu^JI ^Idljyi (jSmo oj^jJ j-clAll JjoJl l-i^jj . CAk-uuli ^ j^-JJ

М» УМ

< Sjjlll j^l \ "П1 (ji.j_2J.lj j-Ajb 1 о И oj-u=J

<L_uiij ^ylc jx.L<.t.i Jl LA ^^ill а лд II 6 j-л . <jJLuiij Slj! ^ \ i/-><a1l

4""> 4-)j-4>,. i.TJJI OIJLLAJI SljLa—a (j-Q 4 *tn *i лj ^'v411 6jjiaj л-S

^ * tM

I j—си! л л U^_laij LijaaLa^. lillA UJ)^" 1 Cxi J*4 л Sj < is*i «II . j j) UVt j

uA_iJ! _uiL^ Lfl!l о VI_uolJIj CiljjbUaiij < \ -vl <^11 oU oVHI

, Ij51 ^Lbdl <jlJJI oil* II4J. sj^JJI dh ^ ^nb.Jill

JSLii. (_$_jJI jU "II <GjlJl j—uaLk.j LrLJiJI {A \>yi Lfiloj

» *

t^J-*^' О"0 jl»" < (j-jliJI ^L^JI (jl

<_ta.Lua jj^aJ jjcLjJL Jj , (Y) lj \ у ft Ijjl jj LqJZ

- - * "

j-a-ll (j^j . jj mi'j ^t-juu^xjj jj л. iv.l a j t i.u_)j t^ll ciufll

< (jl^il ^ (jl—uxjVI jljJLol I 0 k Юjj (jiajVI Jj-л. jj^ Cijl^ LajlcJ.1 (jAjVI O^j-uai jls < (j^jJI ^yi I4J IjIlIIoI <lLbojj <Luiill (jLiuVI ^jj (ji»jVb iSbUJIj < plja_oiJI JjLuai <dja. jjSl ^111 (^uuLiiVI £j-uijil J5L£u (jojVLi < Ц-ijt JjlnJIj o-aij j-aj Lblii VjJd-o ji/G

«uLkjJIj ^ nU 111UH (jl .IUVI jja.j 4

»я

(^^j^jfj^jvi i *l ul a sxa — t — i (jl jl л —

(J^JI-jJI t 4 I j^XJjli 4, Л^ Л (J^j

<*t

£_u jJal о ^Jl (jL-2^^jla ^j-AI^jI <L_u jJLa i \ IIj jJ-*JI (j-^ ^ ^ ^

: fflj.AljV dMLI (jAxj Ijv^lkJ\ U^J , JUL U^L ^Ы JMJI 1 j^L (1) У J ^Jf IJ I-0 < ^Ij ^ ^ UJJ^f ^

«lLJJLJI (jjjjli 1 ^-i < ^ о j^j-oLi. J_A j-CLJUII fj) Lo^j

: ^ л! III (_j.ll Jjui> ^yi La 1,1aj < l^lilj J^oLa-j

(0) ./n^» II ^^.ичЛ jj-uqUI ^jJC. j uul

j^kiJI uLu^ ^ ^ ^jJI iblj-UI liA

ollpMAJI ol jIjju ^ ub UH J-X- it. JI (J ill j-A < Sd-J-jua-ilJ (PiJI

»» ** m

* • ^ c-

cr3 ^ jj-^ of ^ ^J—*—1 "" J 4 JI г I_lio jJI < CjLajajjVIj

<_juiLi_lll ллл j vtiju ^ JjIjVI IjjL^j i> """11 oljjulo

. JOJIJ_ujI <JjJ JjJji. <Lujjdl <bj< mJIJ

Я JJ Jib ^nhmtill jjuXiJI IJU : JjVI JIVJ!3

^nUn.UJ) L^I j^jj И1Л ^Ic. (jK

✓ j*

lJjalj_ijj| — (J^jJ Sui-x. lj J^LJI ,1 in <at ^ 1ь mis ^a j <Gj_o ^

I

< Jjd^aJI I (j \ м (Ju^fixAj CJL» Л-Ч" 6ЛС ^Jl I_Q> .I.UJI j — JJAO J (j^J^I^J

^ Sj-^. SLi-^ ^ ^y-uuLui^l <-La. ^j-o ^jjJta-uiiaJI ul mil

. Sd^J j <t la" in л <J jj Lfllaj ^ CxaIj ^^lll ^'vjU mi„UII iti.ll {ja iiiLJI <-aSjJI (jl^j

J-ussl^jjJI {jC. JjJaJI I fl "I a jl < (_iA_ua| (JjjIj_jujI <JjJ JjJ rx (Ja.Ij

(jа.<.Л Ci ihLc.j . (^yjj-xJI ^JL*JI j < ^'mU inlall о» imJI p-lj^»-! ^iL jl^J j JJ-C.J L^-J-i d j\ m л SjJd^JI <jJ j fl til <JjjJI Jjd^.

. (j j jo».VI UU-vj Lo J(j -v" j Lbplij ^J л iia" Vj < <1jlAj Оч?^

cpjl-^ ^^-JJLj-II ^J-SJ Jk oj^j Lo^ j-CLimJI J

ji

pIj*. itJI оj-ua (jlkjl < J?^ 0е- J IfjL.iJj JjialillJ <li_illl

jLlllj j-uc^lll jjlaLL=JI ^IJ i^il nilj jjjUllj |> 11лII <i() -ч!j-o LiJlc

f UJI jJI v-jJtij

j-u^J! ^л >i,t| j < <\ j^U^Jl As (Л QII ^ <Gjjj) л jJ%- loJI sJj\ Ij^jb

. ^Jljjj Ц-jl..lu.!.) (J^jj ^yjJI jj-ALlcJIj uiJI ^.^llll

J»

<Uu*J ^jJI \ r. ^-stjllj L^jLuuL Jjiallllj <J-j-uaJI Li) jj^' Ij-Д

J-^=>ljJLs ijiaj < ^kj iJ-ulj_"И «U^jJ cJ^-lj ^ tin III ,1ft 11 ^XlLulJI

L\ >*sG j < ^ 1 I 4 < iA> 4 J-5-лЗj (JJ-OI^jj

jljjjlj < <J^J 4_иАхллАдЛ <LAJIJLII ^

j (j л 11 «LeJajVI ^.Lxij oljj-jJI < 4_j_ll_J«JIj <Li_i^jJI 11

4_o jIllLI j j j \ j ,i.uJl al -ч"У1 ^ya 111 j jJUI Jjjll <-j jL»_II • J^t^L? Lj^j ^xo ^ < i^ljljiyi

< <1 1*1 "5 II <Gl Jj| JJ J) U" ,1 ^VA (j 1 lAj J-cl itijl ^jJb J-l-*^ tj^-l

<_i_jj_*JI 4 > gULll! c>L=».LuJl ^ If- -s i Lo <U ^-LLi Loj <" r. 1U" ml jji

1 (j д)J > U*> 1 (j Jj-Л.J 6.Л \ qII J^ mi jj^jiaj ml La-o ( «LiiUJlj

Л^-lj | ^ JjJiJl uijjJ tj-0 Lbjj-4*ij 4-5-1 LloJI jjljJl 1 (j"hjfc.

"'p p ^

plj.4 Mill JjLua^ ^J-S JiiJJ jjGJI j^I^J CjIiAJJ < JjdCk. JS» in 1 Lull I

l-i "iljl рд "—^IjJ I j () M o^^l < 4——^ p (] i ^ (__)1 \ mil Lf-ajj <_jj_sJI f-lj» mil jl^ JaIIj J SljLa-o IjJjU. о ,~.l\. ...лА II ^ jljpJ ^ j>J-uaJI Sx£. ^Xxoj <da J j л -v л : JIa (_>la^ji j \ f.j <_>1 j mil jjj л (j u ^jjlji ^-ij-cl mill j 1 ' м

• сэЬ^1

S

JiJj 4 лMU MIUH ^aj^AJI Sjj 4JAJ ^ 4 ТУ <Л1 jJij Sjj >^11 <Jiill ^ILLiJI <_xaIjil (js-A L?i£.j ol'n" ..ill JU_ujIj1 ^ cuL^ JjjIj-шI <Jjj

J^ji о 1л л"J <_jilii)J| LojLo ^ji LflJUalj_o сП"-ч 1 Lo ^Lcj-1-u рщLiLlI \ л in^g (jlujjJ Jj) л ^ л^ (З-1-3'" ^ '"'Ij I ~> Mil jjl^J-^. jxJLtu : (JIA-al ^j^VI plj-» Mill (_y.ll <iLu<al < (j^aj) -v II «La-j ^ If. ( О In " 11111 -л. jjLaJI Oj; юП I_lo (jL^ ^ jJI I Л'ч Ll=k. ^

uy^ J-^lj tP^ (J, 111J r J f^U4! ^J СГ^Ц-»^

j.я iT,JL> (j^, i^I-ч*>И *_i.uj «ь^-^-j 1 J>с. ^ jl

.^oUJI

: <Gt

4-хл. ^ л (^jic. (JJ-XAI л^.Н ^-fJI p-lj,1 ujJI J-a^i. jJLl

^ «у kf

1A-^1I>-111 J LJUlllj Ljl ->> llj <J^A111 J J <JUC.LI^VI

( jJlAI л-ч II (JLol^j ^cjl глл ^lijJI U Л | j К Л j , <1 t ...I ( ...IIj «LilU^JIj

^aLl^JI Ылp " м,1 ^pJI JaUjlIIj ^JkJI о1ЫЛ л ^ JjVI *J7 д Uj

s

h ' m

< Ml гЛ ^UJI <_ojUlo 6j j ail ^jlALiaJI чХ-ш-sLjj <jj^aJI

w # >

. id Ь -s" LJlc. j l$Js<_sjjl1 l^J <*iljJlj ^.iaI л-s 11

C) Lulu 111 1 ^j-ALcl=J1 L$_JtijJ CiljLt-uJI g-l j T itJI pi л К Cx^-luuaij

6jJLALOL2>- LLuajj <Lo-A J-uuaIflJ ^vJ < ,JjjIj^LU1 J-kl J ^jjjJI ^£-1 'uJl^g

i_jj.4_i.uJ I i—slaljuj < £_lu1jJ1 ^Jbdl <L>jLL ^jJI ^ 1U") ^jj t

* S s e.

^JLsJl ^J-s ol jjUl j ol^JJ 4 1 л^ о j йл-c-Llu-0 1 (j t h (^Ijj < Ljjxo^ j

. «Lilila-LulfiJl «LsjJajJl «Qj-uaSJj ^j^aJI

^uLJI JLUI ^j-i JJJ1J_LU1 p-lj_3«_iiJI CJ-OLAL_ujJ

У

fJbJI j-iA 1 л ^ II ^ju4jLjJI Cxjl-ju3j (J-oVI Sj^Lj

JU J^b-^l JL^Jl JbLL^Ij N VЧV ^b^ jj!

e- -

с

4_SJLloJI olj_uaVI b±& qa <_jJj-a.ll AJLLII ^ yjAllil <_uaLkj ^jjJI

« «» w

jJuJJ J-C^l ^jlll Jjjlj_Lul <JJj J^Jj (j-Л ^(jjH jJl jUl

jX_LuUiJl ^Г А Л. UJJ (jilJJj J Jj) Л J»,,.,l.7j (jjjlj^ b'J3J ' fl, > jL|

s ч!

ч> 2 *

J i |J-OlS».! (jxlj5L> ^yjl сПи -N t (J/1 >J I lj <AJIJII

1 ^I 4 i^т<_i-ij_sJi «Luj^fl J ' oL-ot ^'s м (jLSjla

<Lj mi.11 ji^-jLc. j) л л Sjlc-V ^jl—lu33 j .til II jjj j p (j -4 Llj [ j, imjJ

t_jl*><sll jL-j^j < ^ (j IjU">j ■» .,ш| ^ о mij.l <Lx_»j_*JI c>Lc.ljyi oLLxa-oj

" p ""

Jj) л 7ч л^ I-ал Jj.lfl"j (jjjaJ^jj i_jLa-C.L> jI-.h_j.7j1 ^jJjLxL» л\УЛ\j

II " * "

< II I (j-Q IjjxSjl " <J5jl юП 4. " -ч J—U3 (j U 11 (jiujjJ J J * П1 j ^jJiiilj ^r i м-ч II dillL _(III (J^>L*_jJL» U-JUsjj

. ^yjujiuJIJ 4I0UJ.I Jl^l Lo (jtcj^Lu <5aLuaJI LuaUJI J^a. ^ jJI jjuAII 1,1A

^jIujj J Jj) л "v л I л i.i.i [j < <L_uj_a_]| j_s_jloJ I 4-^j ^Л 4 < л La VI 4jl5I j-a

f- * * (jlajJI jljJLol (JjIjVI (_jj_*JI g-lj » Mill 11л Ml JJ p. i.u ULl I q .1 Л-Щ J

йШЬ Cil>iwJI dlft IJU : ^LUI JIJ-uJI3

? ил*

^Jjjl &Lfjj Cujuil ^ JjjbljJI oijluJI 6ЛЛ

** « p ^

<^.Llu ^^lc l^jjlj^. oIAJIJ Cujij CjjjLJJ < JJJIJ_UJ[ (Jiwlj 4 >\ tU ,,.IаЦ

\Y

^ £ *t> 4J

^yj^jjl j* ml Л I л (j л IjiljJ I j-la-0 Ijt-U о К in j i 4_olc. ^^aJI

IUlI^-

p f.

{yd dill \" mil tl Iiil^gl CuLc. j_*_luJI Л .11 й j-Д (j^J

olUln.ll <ailL ^jJI i^illj ^UiJIj (^^bVI jlx^JI

«Llijjc. ^ ^ 'i л i^jjy^ 4 I < uA-S-llllj (jvc JJJ,I jjlc.

j"

< Ал Iи.11 ^ji 6j_o ^ jJL^I «LJIAJIJ-LUVI (jj^JLuJI

* ft ft S JAX. ^ <Ga_> jlj-slj f-j^J < ^IJ-UJVI jjl-^aj

Cr*^ f-^ ' Jjk cr^ JaUJJI ^ J&] oilcj

j-aaj j i.gj jlj i p fl *>f. j i7i'c> «lsa^-uo jl ( p (j лi j \ ni\ о ^j-ua ^

jal o3lill IjljS ^JJ ^J-L UjlI JjVl Sjil Cfcjl^j

^ji JJf-^l " " a LT* "'1^1 ujjVI (jC. <Jjko <JlibO i_jlj

Ml U.I | J jljJL i_jI_IL£ Jjl JJ Jl Ю ^ (j-OJ < Cj In *1 Mill U lllljl

Ц-JJVI " *иш\ ^Li^ pi „I f nU MiUII ^llil J^lj-ш! JiJj

* **

^ Oj^ ^ Jj-^ " > ПА-тА JMl^VI c^ ^jlHI цпЬм.ЦД)

\r

. илл

J_ul J-UJjjj t_Jj_aJI P-lj mJI <_С.дЛ (^>111 J » m.H I j-Д (jl j>T J I

jjjilJIj J^J N °\ЛУ ^IjjJ^. Ljjj-Д Jjtj ^^aJl jJLsJI ^ JJZLujI & j ol\ л Ml л 4 1 i А» 31,1 <jK1I I j) > > (Jla j (jn tj Jjj^lll j

j a1.II j Jjlll ^.jju ^J ( Lojllil ^lj-3li.gj &J)lj * i,u j 4-л jLSlI j4>..,u!i j

4 "v j л i 111 \ll (j^s^lc.1 jJLfl .4 ilf l-3 j * ill <jljj л j-aJull j

" <_uojLxi.l " ^jluI (j^Ju (^j '/->11 j5l_jJI 4jIf. j < 4_ojlill

p и p ^

V jjj-лЛ j-ClU j-я—uuil Ij-A ^L» >.П" 4 *> л л nu (V)

" ы p "

^Ja^Usjl 4_k2u V igJI f-Vj-Л ^Ij < " <UjLOJIJ JJ(j .HI

**

4-^jLjlII ^j-o Laj[j t (_g Jj) (j ill Jj^kjll 4-LqI mil <L> jj j_aJjJ I <LojLill

(A). " jjfl <Jjjil 4-ollJI

~ 141 p и ^ P

4 0 J II ^-boljx. j..a_.tJI Ijjb ^Ij (jjfLjui ^L-C- i-iljJLc.1 ^C-jj

Sj-ulilxo Sjj-U^J <LOjLEll ^JC-dJ 4j»|J < JLojuLUJVIJ j>(j -^H «bjlxll

p p " * *

J-* J-^ " UJLAJI Jjiajj £_il^ J_iljJ jiij

. (a) «LajlJLo JJLjlu (jajjjj «llojia-o <jjl_*_a CjLo-л-Д (j J J n 1"> niUll p\j* i.tJI j ^ *' t U ,,, I а Ц ji ,7, || ^ Jji_i -J

U

jlj-o (^yJ-C- kijAiil 6 jxajj «GJLa-tfalj ^ (j f.l (j-o^ p (j''л ,JjuJI JjL=kj

jl JJI ^yic oldJ-И LJjJI ^ сП Л -V (j II й j-Д jJaik.1 . 6j J A.V1 J^lc. j_xiiL) (jjujjJL 4 л л 4 Л ml all j_> j "II 4 nk'i л (j^j " -"jl" Jjlajl

и <\ <\ у J^li ^ у иJ^JI croij зЬ-^Ь ^J*

. ^.^jJI 4-u.o j 011 Ua"t tj a j л" i II,л Jl jj V J

Y • ^.JJ YY Jdc) <aj_u=J.I " i_jJVI jLtkl" SjjjA. .Г.^""о 1 jJjj

J^^. j-uoull (jvlalll ^^ C/^ ij I j J) j nil < ^ N Л 4 1 JSLLI-U : JlLe SjalLo 4 h nilj <Gi^j_Lul " (Jji=> Jj" а о ...loll i_i j VI"

S (j jl 0uj»,jJ (^yljj jJI Lo —

<? jjj^JI c>jj' il^l Sj^ ^ djUIl jaj -

* u (jVI -s J 1Л u^ Ил Jla (^jJI (^'tjk .III all j —

S fi ot

I

S 4-Lo (5 jjl La < JiA*-ll

Jj л-к о JACj j-uat-J Jlo£j ^U^ (JLJUAC Ц^П* \ J.A —

^jJI jli^i LaIjjI L?l!l Sjjjilj iicljJIj <_ojil fJ^jj iTi i_ij-cl V lil' : ^IjjJI i_j|jiI_ujVI jjIj Lo (jU

jSLiHll (j Л <"[ 6J^-lj <j!jj (JJ-uj ^yjlp. ^ji Ijil ^Jj < ^ nk mUll VI

j j ■» r,, (j^LSJI Jj_2j . " <ULO (jJJ ^^uuxl LLi dJjJ ^ \ > > -s

dJ^bj «JJ^JI OJSLJ jLuki JJa ^ j^jl tfjJI /c^j^iJI

^kSfl цС.jJ ^ASlllI &jt f\rL ^jljJI JJ « CildJI

,j1~> < j-uajji £*jlk l*> \ <ljjjlx-o ^j-3u lo

jU=4 c^-^'^bJl f^-ll jf cr^-jl Jj-ДЛ ^JJ-1^ < i^j-lHI ^jLAll

Sj^lill (j-0 < p I 11 j JLualil <-Гу<; Lo t

Vj < . «t .T.jVI (^Ij ^ ...II Л ^dill JIJ jjj , jjloa.jJIj ^jJlj

oVLLa 4Jl>Luu «JL^Ml-o jlocl ^ Оj-mj J-3 " ejjVI " cul^j

J-cLiJI Lo (JiLo < <1 J') J U inUll <L>j_X_ujJI j J-OJ ^^lc <XO J-^ A

^LiJJ L*!^ N ^ ^ 1 / N /U ^ YV J^JI ^ ^jl^All j^l

: p in LiLl I q > a 1 о

" л \ in ,<г> л (jlujjj jj-a-^-o vj cul < dl^j ^j "

Jl^=> j^lil Lo^jj) 1A-4 CjI^Ijjj j itlf jj-0 J-^l <->J !<~>ll <Ljt l.uJI

\Л

^Ul 11 jUI" tt^j* <uki Ц» djkj! J_a. s^kVI Ыji-JI \ Л 1 ^.Lc jjLuaJI ^-jIjJI Lbjjx. ^ji <U*i iU mUll jjj-v*\ll 4л|У>л

oL^jj ^jl iiij (jiojjj jj л^ л (jl ojl^ j-2J . U j* m.ll SJLCIJ <_sl^JL (^j-^siII J » .t.Jl i_LL <JJ .и л A jlj^aVI _ш Ij-aC.

«LLX-o " j-^Jj «LjujIJJ Cj-iJjj d-j| (j^aCajIJ . i_jJa_ujJ1j <£.1 11 bl/G |J dl^j < c^j^ai jj^iJI ^Lg (jl dxk (jL£ , " 1Л

(j-л j ^-tij-LflVI Iaj-3 (j-o-S . (jloj j J Jj^-s л J-ьа jj (il« i J m^i ' OQj a i

. " <? (ja^J < «bjiaiJI <LuJ H 11 (^jjl

CAJ JKail J£J (jAJlJl n.Ull J_SLU! Jlj-Sl opL^J Jii Qj JlJ-rnJI Sj-а. Jjjb^ JJ J 9 J-SLill JjjIJ^luIJ ..ilall

<j|jlc. £л*—о la-^ гj1-*-*' л la* л ^ ^aji^ mil all (jjvi"

н ' н «*

ч> я> S-

л 1 mmj cjLl-cj ^jJj (j-^jJI 11 f^jl jVI 11

s

(jiuLLs i_jJl • <-uJj-alll

LxK (jA^Lllj 4 n MiUII <Ь_лАд11 4_iJI ol '<">j Lo " : JleJ . " I (_jic.

j-oVI < (^'nt-i MiUII <b Jjiu Lo

J> p t и « и

(jc. £_sl Jj (jl < 4.Л, I.I)L> IjjJ^i- ^jl^ (jl VI : • ' CJuA-uaJI

^v

< ial \ V Ij j -ч " II j ^jjl, mi" ll^g JJlilJI j_i_iLs—q (jr. Ij \ г s i

^t j i^-i II л (»_flj_3lj ^aJ < (jLxjxVI p l"4> n ^jS ^ *< ill mi,I 4.11 (.JjJ^I (jl LsJj

jL ^J dJUJ . 4-jl (j 'HI ^ .«-ill 4i^J«-o (j-o j^tl ' cr®

л i . 4.S1"II I (j ft^a.4-Jjjj nil) tdjJ-» V CLi-a-utiJU

p J 1,1 с w с-

uiji (j*S л) S IAJJI Lcoj ^T I ^ ю1Ь ) V (^jJI ^yjjVI (j^jJI jUk.1

ft ""ft ft S ^J^l (jooJI =>J—О J-A (jl Mi^VI (j| i_flj_3U Ijl CxA-^aJI (j'

^yi 4 a MiljJI f-LuiJ <ЛП 1*1 l*t Jjcj ДJJJI MI! 411 UJJVI (j-o ULoj

m ' m

. j ill! j jJlAj . " q1*U<.1 mi.II

(j^ 4 < Q i 4 11 ^IjJ J m^i < < (J"< л" ^уЛЛ С.' 11 ^Дл—uaJl

Uj^Ji t^A 44л.^11 j Sj3li)lj 4I0L2JIj <L_5JI 6jljLi .. ^'mU miUH

и w

^ LbjJ^jj Ijj ^pJI miUII ujjVI (jc <loLA!lJ 4.a.MJIjJI <Gl_uj|jj ^

1 s

fULftJI < Jljj Vj '" 4 JwIaJI jle " J-oj^JI " 4 l-ч л

. " ,„1411 I ^ 4iliill (^Jj"

(j-tfajkin miUII ujjVI Jjljj (j-o J^ l^-lc. ^j-qLxj ^jJI 4^aLxJI

(jj^J (jl (_J-1I Lf^l Jjl I о 1 аЦЛ I 4 л (j о 5 J J -S Л iallj

\A

jjUli V UlA^I^U j^bgoJl^nbmUll ^ : L^Jjl

SjJLi J a \ b\ Q Ml CJL^J -S 11 i_jl iii ^ ^jJb JJJLC 4_*-JJVI i>j-at

ClLx Lojjjli . JI v 1 ^ylc j f laSi (j^ 1 (j Mile i IjA. Sj > </">3

^ p ^

< Uj -s 11 ulj ukxJI ^Ic. jX^Lc jjj ntUll I_1-3* .till pllil OJj-ш j <b5lill

4-ol^.j c'-n" £)у>±л-а ca^v f-l^ ^ f»fl miq'il < (>l~i muj

Ij^lU" ml ^(j Vs 1< V ^ д^ u^J < oJ^J^

s

ijjl^ lj lli£ j pi —uj \.u i (j! <ll_1s £J i j 11, и jjlj

^ <Лj ■ al"-v > ^Jj . 5jjLILqj <L»Ha <_uaJa_Lulfl ixjj| ^Uil ("pjjlxll

N M A ^Lt jaj JJJIJ^UJI j jjj^ ^ema 1 jlk ^111 Cg/'jb mUll о nijl oldj ^ \ i A ^Lc. ^jVI о!j *< "i j- uj_-»JI JMA-9

4_lij-AJI «LJLJJVI «t—^j -ч 11 oL^jJ J)"4 l"j j j) U"> "> QJ Ij Lb j j Jja.

. цдАjJI ^ILiiyi

JJ (j л p-LuaJ ^ji d j "n < j'nU mU 11 jVI : L^-ajLj

~ « » p ' "

(J^fll V J ( 4_UJAJI lj-ч" t У Ip-j^. < 1 0 ill Q % LAJ

it Oi

< J nU MiUH <-iil_il!l 4 " ^IjJ J Jj .UJ lA ^^Ic.

iM

(jjC. O-iJ^JI л \ V La^ i 4_JlJj_3lJI <Ul-3 1 3W1 6^-o j \ л " л <1д

V Ц-ii 1..Л4-Д ЦиЦ. о К. ti j Lo^ . ..Halt LjusLiHI «u^JI L^Lkla

^ jj

< jlf. ^j^sj-Sj 4 (j l^-o j-Aj < _<io jjl UJ i л i

jj^iu c^J J^LA^'J i-iljlcVI ^ AjU^lj

. N ) CjHil <GUlLUJU3J A mk\\

^il^JI ^ ^J ^ jJI йЛл.j ^'nU ,„UI1 ol ■ L4III!; (jin »JI j <<1 л j llj p-j 111 J ^j-o «Lcljjal < (jib»_LI

•*> s *

jj (Jl=>j <<iLLO^_IJI Q ^sJ «^-jjJjJI J < J \ % л ^ J) \ \ л (J-o|

^ -я k»1 jl

jJaoj ^xla . ^ j U" uu ^ La j Jj La <*jsjjlj j <(_>х|1а11 j j t " M (jo

lj|_luj| <л-л j-obu lajjj ((jax-iji (^ub p-llac. sjlaj j^-vi

Ц».j^aj (jLuxJj "l.ij-N jjLc." a Loj < U" ,,,t) jji

^A b^JLA La jjLi t JjjIj-u.il JiJj ь nU 111UII yjVI Ы jAVI J^L*_lllj < I (j " j % <LS-j-L=JI <-jjjj < jali (jLLaII jJI

* , * Cjjj-aj P-Loui-o! < -kli J4jljj1 jljA j^ir. < «LjjjJI <b->jVI gj-ч II CxaSH

^JLAJI (_gj*> in л ^jJ-c. JjVI h I p л j j LAJ ^ijj L^lkc j I j r.ljjLi

j^Jb bLi . Laj-jbi. j ^JVI a I" л ^ <

f-lj-я—mJI jj-o j-^jj (ji [jjJ < ^j—jJI |»JLaJI J^i JLL^JI g-lja itiJI

. oL^utjjJIj Cux-JIj LudiJIj jjJI ^ j-oVi dlJJ < mUll

(<Gj Lo J£J ^bln M.I4II ^yi <,.fl* <ЛН Jalij (j] : uiftll

S f..

i_>uiVI I (j л ^jLxj V ( Lfl < \ mi jl й j-д (Jj-o (J^-s . «lilt о in П

J Ы

J^ l> S fJL*JI ^ ^ LT1^ J ^^ jUaSVI <> Jz*

cjj-лЛ «Loa^A 6 j 4 5 ~ л j ^jjjJi *JL*JI J л л "«1 *_Q * ^ J^.1 j

JJJJJI c^L^I <J1L«JIJ <ilUI oL^llliVI atj < U1V

(_JJVI QU ^ Sjj'slll JjjJI cjVJL^-OJ OLOL^JVIJ oljLLIjyi

< <Lo j n mJI «L-ueLi.j i (JjjIj_uj[ <JjJ «U ...lall

vjlkJI <> pUjyi la. jlnJI oVJ , fL^V'j jjL^I

IjjtJLe < c^jnU iiiU.II ^ jAt л 11 oLj < ^j-sJI |J1_AJI ^yi a 111! I j

> » J>

PUJI JJUJJ < L^J JJUL^jj < ULUIJ , uiSljil

j|j_a ^jir. 4_i_ij_*JI <_xiLl3j| CjL^-I ..ill (J-» ,n (j jJI ^..t.i.TjJl |j_A 4-eujJj jjJ

^SJI <-AJ 4jjr i.gJI ijuoJi! ^^k J^jp (j! LtuljjJI 6ХД 4 л fl л

< (jjljij—uui <jjj л .л |^_ш1_с jji (j^ п < l*t illicit frlj » i7l.ll l^coji

л

< ^A^iJI SjLcj <l> c^Li ^jJI I JJJI ^flji^Jlj SljLa-л ^^k <Hj ч .t.ll Sjji ^ « U"ll ^LiJIj ^yk j-o-sjij jjj^aji tj " ml j < «lailjlii j <b j » mji ol^^ji

qa-O! .ЛЛ,> LobJI <JLI^*JI <L>J * mJI -Ч II pllclj < «LuiJI ^ p *> I j J! J_>

j>j..uj| i jib oWj j3£1 cijl^ " 4_illl" mlai . s j j u" л <bla Cji jjIj SJjJ^.

w л

Ifj ill ...л'Н laaj ^jJI <L-uiLujVI

< J^lj-cul Jib ц'и^ ...Ull j^Lill ..ulL LiilLa , I о jlr jaJIj

. I^jlf. «LkiLJsl C_S_HJ I 4jucoLluVI 4 <uSj| j < л rstJI Sj^ljJI jlm/i <jl£tl , ^Lt^ ihq jjlAJI ^ " ^Kil" djj^

Lfj -Ц" Jf ^yUl LbJ-Л.J Q^ \ ю! (jiljVIJ < (jisjVI jJb j.S.1 rn.1.1 4 » ,,,'>|l , . 4 j Hf.VI Jj^jj j j J^ia <lLs j (-jIJJ iJj-2 "■!

YY

Vli

: JI Jl" л Li j^jJLalJI^j p-LaajVI^ (U) " v n,r (jllliJIj

: «Lilc-liU ljlla[j i Lj^JJ Lc.^Juloj (j-ijVIJ

U^jJl ^J Lj^J f-JJ " " (JAaAJI U ж J_ua

caa-xJI^ mi lii < J ^

Jl, plbJI

JjbLUI (^J-A (jisjVlj : uijj LUXULUJVI JsJ jil <JUaUIJ

«La. Luj

(\v) "ss.. jUI

(jl^o —<iJI о л a*° U1^ " IIj j < л"IIjj_ijJI 1,1a

YY

. л" ftVI j^j^j SJIJ <<-»ll L^V < (ИЛ*-И о ♦) I olji-uJl ьлл ^k jl ,„j

(JiJj 4 j nU mUll mil jl.n,t л ^ Scbj-iJlj 6j t л II CjI JA-uJl

die ^nb .mUII J\ < o^jf^VI o^JIAJI ^ L> (jV . J^l^i

-* f. j.T mJI l-i*) 4 (JjuliJ < ^Lklj" л j La^jlLo-o < <Gjlji j fcjjbaj

^Ij-L-LulaJI j-fcL-<.uJl J ^Jj . ^ILxJI j-H—uJl I_ajlj t 4-alc.

*

j-4 LojJj < JoJLa 4_uJajJl 4 " \ .A<aj 4 л a A ^j-o-A ^JLajj < 4 Пг.

с Sja-^l LobJI LUkUL f^jjlj <4" « j ,All

p p p ^

oljjl ^j-ft 4_JJLSJI 4JIjji О-^-J-coIJ . &L -411 j ^jLxuVl ^(j 11 LLuaS

s ^ S

J-дЛ jdj . UJJJJ^J 1 (j «U ^ ^aI—^ujj ^aLUJ ^Ldlj (^^aJI 4_iiaJl \ {j-a < (jio jj j j j л -4 л jl j»_tiil_5Jl ^ \ л ml

LftjLxuj |»J jLi <■ jAl ^j-ILc. jl j-cLjJ 6 (jc < 4_JJl. i.t.J1

. Lfdx. Jjjjj 1 jii < JIAJIJ jj

CAJ^^ljJI 6J-о 4jj_a_jJl Lrl_uj|jJ ^ 1 (j "t д 1j ^ylll <jj_*_uaJl

< 6 J-ft 4 *i iii

dJj ^ jj-uaj cajI^ ^pjl j I^>11 (j-o JJ^AJI ^JLC. cul^

yi

Jj^j " ) «lLlLs 4_i_ш pLc.^ л л CjjJ—\ Л * |i.Lc. . Cj1j)*< mil

N <\ 0 i <1^ " S^L* ^ЬЬЛ" <JAU. vj V, > ^ 0 v " jl^j

^ 1 f. " I jl J_я_5 Jl_о_aJ N % О 4 <Llxu " ^ л I Ml" <LJjL»jJ ^ MU»J

\ О V 4.1 Ml " J 4 Я " < Jj l-v j>rj I ^ о V 4-a 1,1,1 " <_sj jJI

4 л mi " (J tl -у II (jja CjI_iulC-I " < in J_uj|jJ ^ 4 0 A 4 j mi " "

j < ^-JUJUJI ^JL.OL.UJ ^ О Л <1,.I.U " ^.llaAII J-Л " <jljXS JLAAJ \ О Л

i uv

(_?lll ^.AJaLuaJj f\j „»..-,uJI ^J L_AJj»_j ujJ-ua ^^lllj <LjJ.i.uJI

s

^лА^ Vj < <LJUI ^UoJJI (ylllj

лл.!^!! ij^ ' lsultu la^j mij

^J-S _ol Ijl^i-v^ _uO (J^ П1 l_AA ( 1—A J Ml J J I (j *\ >1 " jLl ^jJI

4 -s i"(J-uaj) ,,< MI < <_ij» i"i„II CJIC-J) л-^ II ^fl j-ilu Laj JASJJI ^ MIIJJ

О -4 1 I j (j .1J . plj't Mill dJj ^jJ L& J J 1-й J <JJ * Mill J^jj 4j 3 j 3 ja£.

L^Io JJJJJI Jl ^jlll < o^UJJj i-i-s .^11 dJj ajx.1 ^ .n a'» ^^Ic.

J 4> ^

Jj ii" I <LibAiS_aJI bjj) i^ill о К MI (_jJ-ll JJLUSXAII I (j Л jl~t J < .^11 ^JC.

• Jj^' ji^usxilj L^ji oj-»iu ^pJI <lxJI SjLiVI <jji>. i.tJI j^JI

s

mi ^-o <4_jJI CiSclA I—о (Ja-SusJ C.t *> J—S (jj-^l (jl Lot

Xo

О IjL^I

<jl-ila t < Y УЧ^ <jJjLj CjLujI j J — 6Jj) 3 flil Sj^ljJI ~ (SJ3 ^ ^_^ ^ — ^

• hay.JjI

UIVojjjj < Y^^ — <lollll ^jJI-l^^l^ll^-Y <i_i i ill II CjI^j) iTI'i a , 0 \ c jjLS^jla p » ^I^jI (jl JJ J — ^jLSjls p i ^I^jI —Y

о Y<_>o — ,JjLluJI jj i^ll — 1

(3' J— ^ ^ '" ^jI _ °

W - S>»ISJI« Y<\ > ^ - iojliil - (jjZJb -v

Y*\ Y^^ — ^LluJI j j —Л

jj-aj < lip. < " jlaJiVI " sjjja. —

mv, о. jjc, "j^Ji" • > 0-t w-u

^ о« i Y^ < <txl5V! — p iiiliJI qjл оi — \ Y

ji

^qjjLj (jjcb^ IfLc < V * (J^a < IJ |Лд *tl j j^jlj^il Ijlijl — jL j jai JJ — N Y

Ш

* ♦ w *

^lilll AS^pJI Oajj <4jlLIIJ ^Jl cxxJI AJjjJ <<LujjUI jjaUsJI £§1j

ПЧМ nil! (Jjjlj-Lul ^j-fl «LXJJJLJI J-L